Debian 13: upgrading ASUS Eee PC 1215B from Debian 11 to Debian 13

ASUS Eee PC 1215B Release April 2011
AMD E-350 dual-core 1.6 GHz
AMD Radeon HD 6310 graphics 1366x768
Ram DDR3

It is recommended to use shell, during upgrade, desktop environment may be restarting and causing screen lock.

To get into shell, after Desktop login menu appear, press Ctrl + Alt + F1. To turn back into Desktop press Ctrl + Alt + F7.

Edit /etc/apt/sources.list

#main
# 11 to 12
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free-firmware non-free
# 12 to 13
#deb https://deb.debian.org/debian trixie main contrib non-free-firmware non-free

#mirror auto
# 11 to 12
deb http://mirror.unair.ac.id/debian bookworm main contrib
# 12 to 13
#deb http://mirror.unair.ac.id/debian trixie main contrib

#security
# 11 to 12
deb https://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free-firmware non-free
# 12 to 13
#deb https://security.debian.org/debian-security trixie-security main contrib non-free-firmware non-free

#update
# 11 to 12
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main contrib non-free-firmware non-free
# 12 to 13
#deb https://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-updates main contrib non-free-firmware non-free

#backport
# 11 to 12
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main
# 12 to 13
#deb http://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-backports main

As mention in Debian official website, you can not directly upgrade from Debian 11 to Debian 13. You need to upgrade it in sequence

Upgrade Debian 11 to Debian 12

Edit /etc/apt/sources.list, remove '#' any line containing bookworm and add '#' any line containing trixie.

1. Update Repository
   # apt-get update
2. Take full upgrade
   # apt full-upgrade
3. Restart and perform clean up
   # apt-get autoclean && apt-get autoremove -y

This toke 2 hours and 30 minutes. 

This error occurred when we just perform apt upgrade --without-new-pkgs, make restart and upgrade to Debian 13

Preparing to unpack .../base-files_13.8_amd64.deb ...


******************************************************************************
*
* The base-files package cannot be installed because
* /bin is a directory, but should be a symbolic link.
*
* Please install the usrmerge package to convert this system to merged-/usr.
*
* For more information please read https://wiki.debian.org/UsrMerge.
*
******************************************************************************


dpkg: error processing archive /var/cache/apt/archives/base-files_13.8_amd64.deb
 (--unpack):
 new base-files package pre-installation script subprocess returned error exit s
tatus 1
Errors were encountered while processing:
 /var/cache/apt/archives/base-files_13.8_amd64.deb
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)


Upgrade Debian 12 to Debian 13

Edit /etc/apt/sources.list, add '#' any line containing bookworm and remove '#' any line containing trixie.

1. Update Repository
   # apt-get update
2. Take full upgrade
   # apt full-upgrade
3. Restart and perform clean up
   # apt-get autoclean && apt-get autoremove -y

This toke 3 hours to upgrade 1.945 packages with size 1.388 MB.

Total hours are 5 hours and 30 minutes, with all applications upgraded to latest version.

Debian 13: Ops, something is wrong during upgrading from Debian 12 to Debian 13

If something wrong during upgrade debian 12 to debian 13, so the installation did not finish, here is my share how to solved it. 

In my case, screen got locked, so I need to manual power off and restart the Laptop.

Normal boot to linux won't work, if possible during selecting menu in grub, select "Advanced Option" and select "Recovery Mode". If you can not go into grub menu, you need to use Debian rescue CD/USB, I use minimal (net install CD),

If you use CD/USB, you will rescue your Debian using chroot. 

To repair grub using CD/USB, you need to enter your drive.

To repair broken upgrade using CD/USB, you need to select your Debian partition and mounting /boot partition.

If you using CD/USB rescue, when repair has completed, type exit from chroot

Command to repair broken upgrade process:

# dpkg --configure -a
....
# apt --fix-broken install 
....
# apt full-upgrade
...-
# grub-update
...
# grub-install /dev/sda
....

To manage boot efi using efibootmgr

# apt install efibootmgr
# efibootmgr
BootCurrent: 0002
Timeout: 5 seconds
BootOrder: 0001,3001,0002,2001,2002,2003
Boot0001* Windows Boot Manager    HD(2,GPT,41ed4da9-8f99-445d-b3dc-d37f4ad717da,0x109000,0x32000)/File(\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\bootmgfw.efi)57494e444f5753000100000088000000780000004200430044004f0042004a004500430054003d007b00390064006500610038003600320063002d0035006300640064002d0034006500370030002d0061006300630031002d006600330032006200330034003400640034003700390035007d00000061000100000010000000040000007fff0400
Boot0002* debian    HD(2,GPT,41ed4da9-8f99-445d-b3dc-d37f4ad717da,0x109000,0x32000)/File(\EFI\debian\shimx64.efi)
Boot2001* USB Drive (UEFI)    RC
Boot2002* Internal CD/DVD ROM Drive (UEFI)    RC
Boot3000* Internal Hard Disk or Solid State Disk    RC
Boot3001* Internal Hard Disk or Solid State Disk    RC
Boot3002* Internal Hard Disk or Solid State Disk    RC
# efibootmgr --bootorder Boot0002,Boot0001

Laptop HP Model 15-af109AX, with Bios handled Boot Manager. This model may be not supported in Debian 13 (in Debian 12 there was not problem), I can not change boot order using BIOS nor efibootmgr.

If you can not switch sequence of boot loader using BIOS nor efibootmgr, you need to press F9 button to select boot loader you want to start for HP Model 15-af109AX.

 

Debian 13: upgrade from debian 12 bookworm to debian 13 trixie

It is recommended to use shell, during upgrade, desktop environment may be restarting and causing screen lock.

To get into shell, after Desktop login menu appear, press Ctrl + Alt + F1. To turn back into Desktop press Ctrl + Alt + F7.

Current version

# cat /etc/debian_version
12.11

Edit /etc/apt/source.list

#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 12.0.0 _Bookworm_ - Official amd64 NETINST with firmware 20230610-10:21]/ bookworm main non-free-firmware

#main
#deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free-firmware non-free
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian trixie main contrib non-free-firmware non-free

#mirror auto
#deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib
deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian trixie main contrib

#security
#deb https://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free-firmware non-free
deb https://security.debian.org/debian-security trixie-security main contrib non-free-firmware non-free

#update
#deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main contrib non-free-firmware non-free
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-updates main contrib non-free-firmware non-free

#backport
#deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-backports main

Updating repository

# apt-get update
Hit:1 https://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb stable InRelease                 
Hit:2 https://deb.debian.org/debian trixie InRelease                           
Hit:3 https://security.debian.org/debian-security trixie-security InRelease   
Hit:4 https://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-updates InRelease                   
Hit:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-backports InRelease                 
Hit:6 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian trixie InRelease   
Reading package lists... Done

Performing minimal upgrade

# apt upgrade --without-new-pkgs

During minimal upgrade, your system may request you to restart some services, allow it. Take some coffee.....

Restart your Debian. This is optional, just make sure system run proper minimal upgrade. 

Performing full upgrade

# apt full-upgrade

Full upgrade may takes sometimes. 

Restart your Debian and perform clean up

# apt-get autoclean && apt-get autoremove -y
...
$ cat /etc/debian_version
13.0
$ uname -an
Linux hpkakiang 6.12.38+deb13-amd64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Debian 6.12.38-1 (2025-07-16) x86_64 GNU/Linux

Debian 13: trixie release

NOTE: 

1. Debian 13 trixie does not support i386 architecture. Users running i386 systems should not upgrade to trixie.  You can run 32 bit application on Debian 13 trixie using 32 bit support. 
2. Debian 12 bookworm does not cover any i586 processor, minimum processor requirement is i686. 
3. Debian 11 bullseye is latest version support i386. 

Debian 13 trixie release uses Linux kernel 6.12 LTS series.

Debian 13 trixie ships with several desktop environments, such as:

1. GNOME 48
2. KDE Plasma 6.3
3. LXDE 13
4. LXQt 2.1.0
5. Xfce 4.20

A total of seven architectures are officially supported for trixie:

1. 64-bit PC (amd64),
2. 64-bit ARM (arm64),
3. ARM EABI (armel),
4. ARMv7 (EABI hard-float ABI, armhf),
5. 64-bit little-endian PowerPC (ppc64el),
6. 64-bit little-endian RISC-V (riscv64),
7. IBM System z (s390x)

Reference: www.debian.org/News/2025/20250809

Unix like OS not base on linux

Linux is a very popular open-source Unix-like operating system. Open-source Unix-like operating systems that are not based on Linux and are still actively developed. They are

1. FreeBSD
   Focus: Performance, advanced networking, storage
   Use Cases: Servers, firewalls, storage appliances (e.g., TrueNAS)
2. OpenBSD
   Focus: Security, correctness, simplicity
   Known for: Secure-by-default policies, clean codebase
3. NetBSD
   Focus: Portability — runs on almost any architecture
   Use Cases: Embedded systems, research, legacy hardware
4. DragonFly BSD
   Focus: Performance, advanced file system (HAMMER2), scalability
5. illumos
   Descendant of: OpenSolaris (which was derived from UNIX System V)
6. OpenIndiana
   Goal: Desktop/server OS based on illumos
7. SmartOS
   Focus: Cloud-native virtualization with zones, ZFS, DTrace
8. MidnightBSD
   Fork of FreeBSD, focused on desktop use
9. Darwin
   Apple's open-source core of macOS (not a complete OS itself)
   Basis for macOS and iOS

Most those operating system are intended to run as server connected directly to internet with advance stability and security. 

Netbeans: using maven to connect to mariadb

1. Create project "Java with Maven" -> "Java Application"
2. Under tab "Project" -> Project Files, edit pom.xml and add mariadb jconnect client
   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
...
  <dependencies>
...
  <dependency>
    <groupId>org.mariadb.jdbc</groupId>
    <artifactId>mariadb-java-client</artifactId>
    <version>3.5.3</version>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>
...
</project>
3. Test connection using this code
     public static void main(String[] args) throws SQLException, ClassNotFoundException {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    String muser = "my_user";
    String mpass = "my_password";
    String murl = "jdbc:mariadb://localhost:3306/my_database_name";
    Class.forName("org.mariadb.jdbc.Driver");
    Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(murl, muser, mpass);
    System.out.println("ok");
  }

Mengenal fitting/socket lampu mobil & motor

Socket/fitting lampu mobil "H": 

1. H1: lampu utama, kaki 3 
2. H3: lampu kabut, kaki 2
3. H4: lampu utama, kaki 3 
4. H7: lampu halogen, kaki 2
5. H11: lampu kabut, kaki 2
6. H16: lampu kabut, kaki 2 
7. 9005 (HB3) & 9006 (HB4): lampu halogen, kaki 2 
8. H13 (9008): lampu utama, kaki ?
9. HIR1 (9011) dan HIR2 (9012): perbaikan design 9005 (HB3) & 9006 (HB4)

Socket/fitting lampu mobi putar / bayonet:

1. S25 (Single Contact / Double Contact)
2. P21W, PY21W, P21/5W
1. P21W (BA15S): Bohlam 21 watt dengan soket S25 single contact, sering untuk lampu sein atau mundur.
2. PY21W (BAU15S): Mirip dengan P21W, tapi pin penguncinya tidak sejajar (offset), biasanya untuk lampu sein berwarna oranye.
3. P21/5W (BAY15D): Bohlam 21/5 watt dengan soket S25 double contact, sangat umum untuk lampu rem/senja. 

Socket/fitting lampu motor "H": 

1. M4/H6: lampu utama, kaki 2 
2. HS1: lampu utama kaki 3
3. H4: lampu utama kaki 3
4. H7: lampu halogen kaki 2

Socket/fitting lampu motor putar / bayonet: 

1. P21/5W double contact
2. P21 single contact 

Socket/fitting lampu mobil & motor T (tancap):

1. T10: kaki 2 dan 3
2. T15: kaki 2
3. T20: kaki 2 dan 3 

 Standar lampu https://dedetoknotes.blogspot.com/2023/02/standar-daya-lampu-mobil.html 

Debian 12: KVM Virtualization - creating guest (part 3)

To show available os for guest

$ virt-install --osinfo list | grep arch
archlinux

To use bridge add /etc/qemu/bridge.conf if not available and chmod file /usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper
# mkdir /etc/qemu
# touch /etc/qemu/bridge.conf
# echo "allow br0" >> /etc/qemu/bridge.conf
# chmod u+s /usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper


To create guest with name=guest01, disk size 10GB, Ram 2Gb (2048), virtual processor 2, os variant debian 12 (not available, we use debian11), boot from iso file: 

$ virt-install \
  --name guest01 \
  --memory 2048 \
  --vcpus 2 \
  --disk path=/home/dedetok/guests/guest01.qcoe2,size=10,bus=virtio \
  --cdrom /home/dedetok/Downloads/debian-12.11.0-amd64-netinst.iso \
  --nonetworks \
  --os-variant debian11 \
  --virt-type kvm

Parameters:

• --name: name to identify guest
• --ram: guest memory in megabytes
• --vcpus: number of cpu for guest
• --disk: path=<path_to_disk_image>,size=<disk_size_in_gb>,bus=virtio
  virtio is standard interface for virtual machines, it improve vm network performance
  
• --cdrom: install from iso file or CD/DVD/USB
• --nonetworks: no update or install from internet 
  or
  --network bridge=br0,model=virtio to use bridge network, see part 2
  For bridge see Network Bridge section
  

Options:

1. Graphics option
   • --graphics vnc: Enables VNC for graphical access. If virt-viewer is installed, it will automatically launch. If not, you'll need to manually connect using a VNC client like vinagre or remmina.
   • --graphics spice: Enables SPICE for graphical access. SPICE is generally considered more modern and efficient than VNC.
   • --graphics none: Disables graphical access and forces a text-mode installation using the serial console.
2. Disk option
   • Default folder for virtual disk /var/lib/libvirt/images/
     qcow2 offers features that raw (or img) doesn't:
   1. Snapshots: qcow2 allows you to create snapshots of your virtual machine's disk, enabling easy rollback to previous states.
   2. Compression: It can compress the disk image, potentially saving storage space.
   3. Sparse files: qcow2 supports sparse files, meaning it only allocates disk space for used portions of the image, which can be more efficient.
   • raw format (or just img when using virt-install) has no special features:
     It simply represents the raw data of the disk, which can be less flexible and potentially wasteful of disk space.

To show version
$ virsh version
Compiled against library: libvirt 9.0.0
Using library: libvirt 9.0.0
Using API: QEMU 9.0.0
Running hypervisor: QEMU 7.2.17

Managing VM

To List guest cm
$ virsh list --all


Connect to vm
$ virsh console [vm_name]
or using virt-viewer
$ virt-viewer [vm_name]

To edit vm
$ virsh edit [vm_name]


To start vm
$ virsh start [vm_name]

to restart vm
$ virsh reboot [vm_name] --mode initctl

to force stoping vm
$ virsh destroy [vm_name]

to force shutdown vm
$ virsh shutdown [vm_name] --mode acpi

to suspend vm
$ virsh suspend [vm_name]

to resume vm after suspend
$ virsh resume [vm_name]

to reset vm (similiar to pressing reset button on physical PC)
$ virsh reset [vm_name]

Restarting KVM Daemon
# systemctl restart libvirtd

to remove vm and its storage permanently
$ virsh undefine --managed-save --remove-all-storage [vm_name]

To make vm auto run after host restart (run once)
$ virsh autostart [vm_name]

Network bridge

Network configuration file:

1. /etc/libvirt/qemu/networks/default.xmlfir active configuration
   
2. /usr/share/libvirt/networks/default.xml for template

To enable network bridge for guest:

1. turn up bridge interface
   
2. list all network using virsh net-list
   
3. if list is empty, define default network and edit default network to use existing bridge
4. start network bridge

To turn up bridge interface
# ifup br0

To show bridge interface
# brctl show
bridge name    bridge id        STP enabled    interfaces
br0        8000.9aa237b1bcc8    no        enp2s0


To show network bridge (if list empty, see define default network)
$ virsh net-list --all

To define default network
$ virsh net-define /usr/share/libvirt/networks/default.xml


To undefined default network
$ virsh net-undefine default

To edit default network
$ virsh net-edit default

Change default network using edit default netowrk
<network>
  <name>default</name>
  <uuid>84b29e1f-b2c3-4230-bc21-fba0143c026c</uuid>
  <forward mode='bridge'/>
  <bridge name='br0'/>
</network>

To start network bridge
$ virsh net-start default


To auto start network bridge
$ virsh net-autostart default

To add manually bridge network into vm edit vm and add
<domain type='kvm'>
...
 <devices>
    <interface type='bridge'>
      <mac address='52:54:00:87:65:f6'/>
      <source bridge='br0'/>
      <model type='virtio'/>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x01' slot='0x00' function='0x0'/>
...

References:

• wiki.debian.org/KVM
• wiki.debian.org/DebianInstaller/Preseed
• wiki.debian.org/BridgeNetworkConnections
  

Debian: repair micro SD card command line

Detect your micro SD card

# dmesg
[  482.261836] scsi 1:0:0:0: Direct-Access     Multiple Card  Reader     1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0
[  482.265756] sd 1:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 0
[  483.034812] sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] 3911680 512-byte logical blocks: (2.00 GB/1.87 GiB)
[  483.036904] sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off
[  483.036931] sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 03 00 00 00
[  483.038288] sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] No Caching mode page found
[  483.038321] sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through
[  483.058653]  sdb: sdb1
[  483.066093] sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk
# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0 298.1G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0 103.6G  0 part
├─sda2   8:2    0   450M  0 part
├─sda3   8:3    0     1K  0 part
├─sda5   8:5    0 120.2G  0 part
├─sda6   8:6    0     2G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda7   8:7    0  71.8G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   1   1.9G  0 disk
└─sdb1   8:17   1   1.9G  0 part 

Repair file system micro SD card

# umount /dev/sdb1
umount: /dev/sdb1: not mounted.
# umount /dev/sdb
umount: /dev/sdb: not mounted.
# fsck.vfat -a -w /dev/sdb1

option:

• -a : automatic repair filesystem
• -w : write change immediately

Format if there is no data you can saved and you want fresh storage in micro SD card 

# mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb1
mkfs.fat 4.2 (2021-01-31)

Debian 12: KVM Virtualization - configure bridge network in host (part 2)

By default, KVM Guest will able to use host connection to connect to lan and internet, but not vice versa.

To make host, guest and lan accessible each other, on network configuration we can use is bridging.

Install bridge-util 

# apt-get install bridge-utils
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
    bridge-utils
...

Configuring bridge

create bridge interface

# brctl addbr br0

show existing infterface

# ip address show
1: lo: ...
2: enp2s0: ... -> this is lan
3: wlo1: ...-> this is wifi and not supported
4: br0: ...

add interface to bridge

# brctl addif br0 enp2s0 


make it persistence, edit /etc/network/interface

...
# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# set interface manually, avoid conflict with network manager
iface enp2s0 inet manual
iface wlo1 inet manual

# bridge setup
# dhcp
# avoid conflict with network manager
#auto br0
iface br0 inet dhcp
   bridge_ports enp2s0
# for manual ipv4
# iface bro inet static
#   bridge_ports enp2s0
#   address 1192.168.1.2
#   broadcast 192.168.1.255
#   netmask 255.255.255.0
#   gateway 192.169.1.1

restart networking service

# systemctl restart networking


To make NetworkManager manage your network edit  /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf, make sure managed=true

[main]
plugins=ifupdown,keyfile

[ifupdown]
#managed=false
managed=true


Reference:
wiki.debian.org/BridgeNetworkConnections

Writing math equation in web using mathjax and latex

Add the mathjax javascript library to the head or body of the html

<script async="" id="MathJax-script" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-chtml.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>

To declare math equation use identifier 
\ (...\) for inline or 
\ [...\] for display

Note: no space between \ ( and \ [  

Example to write 1/2 

in latex: \ frac{1}{2}

in mathjax html (e.q. blogspot): \ ( \ frac{1}{2}\) 

Note: no space between characters above

result 

\(\frac{1}{2}\)

 

If you copy paste from word application with math equation support, the code may become messy, e.q word equation will result in many additional custom html tag. 

Trigonometric Identities

 

Trigonometric Identities

 Common degree

degree	Sin	Cos	Tg
0	0	1	0
30 or π/6
45 or π/4			1
60 or π/3
90 or π/2	1	0	infinite

 Reciprocal Trigonometric Identities

  ;    ; 

  ;   ;

 

 

Pythagorean Trigonometric Identities

 

Ratio Trigonometric Identities

 

Trigonometric Identities of Opposite Angles

 

Sin (-a) = – Sin a

Cos (-a) = Cos a

Tan (-a) = – Tan a

Cot (-a) = – Cot a

Sec (-a) = Sec a

Csc (-a) = -Csc a

 

Trigonometric Identities of Complementary Angles

 

Sin (90 – a) = Cos a

Cos (90 – a) = Sin a

Tan (90 – a) = Cot a

Cot ( 90 – a) = Tan a

Sec (90 – a) = Csc a

Csc (90 – a) = Sec a

 

Trigonometric Identities of Supplementary Angles

 

sin (180°- a) = sina

cos (180°- a) = -cos a

cosec (180°- a) = cosec a

sec (180°- a) = -sec a

tan (180°- a) = -tan a

cot (180°- a) = -cot a

 

Sum and Difference of Angles Trigonometric Identities

 

 

Double Angle Trigonometric Identities

 

 

Half Angle Identities

 

 

 

Product-Sum Trigonometric Identities

 

 

 

 

Trigonometric Identities of Products

 

 

 

byjus.com/maths/trigonometric-identities/