Thursday, July 24, 2025

Mengenal fitting/socket lampu mobil & motor

Socket/fitting lampu mobil "H": 

  1. H1: lampu utama, kaki 3 
  2. H3: lampu kabut, kaki 2
  3. H4: lampu utama, kaki 3 
  4. H7: lampu halogen, kaki 2
  5. H11: lampu kabut, kaki 2
  6. H16: lampu kabut, kaki 2 
  7. 9005 (HB3) & 9006 (HB4): lampu halogen, kaki 2 
  8. H13 (9008): lampu utama, kaki ?
  9. HIR1 (9011) dan HIR2 (9012): perbaikan design 9005 (HB3) & 9006 (HB4)

Socket/fitting lampu mobi putar / bayonet:

  1. S25 (Single Contact / Double Contact)
  2. P21W, PY21W, P21/5W
    1. P21W (BA15S): Bohlam 21 watt dengan soket S25 single contact, sering untuk lampu sein atau mundur.
    2. PY21W (BAU15S): Mirip dengan P21W, tapi pin penguncinya tidak sejajar (offset), biasanya untuk lampu sein berwarna oranye.
    3. P21/5W (BAY15D): Bohlam 21/5 watt dengan soket S25 double contact, sangat umum untuk lampu rem/senja. 

Socket/fitting lampu motor "H": 

  1. M4/H6: lampu utama, kaki 2 
  2. HS1: lampu utama kaki 3
  3. H4: lampu utama kaki 3
  4. H7: lampu halogen kaki 2

Socket/fitting lampu motor putar / bayonet: 

  1. P21/5W double contact
  2. P21 single contact 

Socket/fitting lampu mobil & motor T (tancap):

  1. T10: kaki 2 dan 3
  2. T15: kaki 2
  3. T20: kaki 2 dan 3 

 Standar lampu https://dedetoknotes.blogspot.com/2023/02/standar-daya-lampu-mobil.html 

Thursday, July 17, 2025

Debian 12: KVM Virtualization - creating guest (part 3)

To show available os for guest

$ virt-install --osinfo list | grep arch
archlinux

To use bridge add /etc/qemu/bridge.conf if not available and chmod file /usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper
# mkdir /etc/qemu
# touch /etc/qemu/bridge.conf
# echo "allow br0" >> /etc/qemu/bridge.conf
# chmod u+s /usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper

To create guest with name=guest01, disk size 10GB, Ram 2Gb (2048), virtual processor 2, os variant debian 12 (not available, we use debian11), boot from iso file: 

$ virt-install \
  --name guest01 \
  --memory 2048 \
  --vcpus 2 \
  --disk path=/home/dedetok/guests/guest01.qcoe2,size=10,bus=virtio \
  --cdrom /home/dedetok/Downloads/debian-12.11.0-amd64-netinst.iso \
  --nonetworks \
  --os-variant debian11 \
  --virt-type kvm

Parameters:

  • --name: name to identify guest
  • --ram: guest memory in megabytes
  • --vcpus: number of cpu for guest
  • --disk: path=<path_to_disk_image>,size=<disk_size_in_gb>,bus=virtio
    virtio is standard interface for virtual machines, it improve vm network performance
  • --cdrom: install from iso file or CD/DVD/USB
  • --nonetworks: no update or install from internet 
    or
    --network bridge=br0,model=virtio to use bridge network, see part 2
    For bridge see Network Bridge section

Options:

  1. Graphics option
    • --graphics vnc: Enables VNC for graphical access. If virt-viewer is installed, it will automatically launch. If not, you'll need to manually connect using a VNC client like vinagre or remmina.
    • --graphics spice: Enables SPICE for graphical access. SPICE is generally considered more modern and efficient than VNC.
    • --graphics none: Disables graphical access and forces a text-mode installation using the serial console.
  2. Disk option
    • Default folder for virtual disk /var/lib/libvirt/images/
      qcow2 offers features that raw (or img) doesn't:
      1. Snapshots: qcow2 allows you to create snapshots of your virtual machine's disk, enabling easy rollback to previous states.
      2. Compression: It can compress the disk image, potentially saving storage space.
      3. Sparse files: qcow2 supports sparse files, meaning it only allocates disk space for used portions of the image, which can be more efficient.
    • raw format (or just img when using virt-install) has no special features:
      It simply represents the raw data of the disk, which can be less flexible and potentially wasteful of disk space.

To show version
$ virsh version
Compiled against library: libvirt 9.0.0
Using library: libvirt 9.0.0
Using API: QEMU 9.0.0
Running hypervisor: QEMU 7.2.17

Managing VM

To List guest cm
$ virsh list --all

Connect to vm
$ virsh console [vm_name]
or using virt-viewer
$ virt-viewer [vm_name]

To edit vm
$ virsh edit [vm_name]

To start vm
$ virsh start [vm_name]

to restart vm
$ virsh reboot [vm_name] --mode initctl

to force stoping vm
$ virsh destroy [vm_name]

to force shutdown vm
$ virsh shutdown [vm_name] --mode acpi

to suspend vm
$ virsh suspend [vm_name]

to resume vm after suspend
$ virsh resume [vm_name]

to reset vm (similiar to pressing reset button on physical PC)
$ virsh reset [vm_name]

Restarting KVM Daemon
# systemctl restart libvirtd

to remove vm and its storage permanently
$ virsh undefine --managed-save --remove-all-storage [vm_name]

To make vm auto run after host restart (run once)
$ virsh autostart [vm_name]

Network bridge

Network configuration file:

  1. /etc/libvirt/qemu/networks/default.xmlfir active configuration
  2. /usr/share/libvirt/networks/default.xml for template

To enable network bridge for guest:

  1. turn up bridge interface
  2. list all network using virsh net-list
  3. if list is empty, define default network and edit default network to use existing bridge
  4. start network bridge

To turn up bridge interface
# ifup br0

To show bridge interface
# brctl show
bridge name    bridge id        STP enabled    interfaces
br0        8000.9aa237b1bcc8    no        enp2s0

To show network bridge (if list empty, see define default network)
$ virsh net-list --all

To define default network
$ virsh net-define /usr/share/libvirt/networks/default.xml

To undefined default network
$ virsh net-undefine default

To edit default network
$ virsh net-edit default

Change default network using edit default netowrk
<network>
  <name>default</name>
  <uuid>84b29e1f-b2c3-4230-bc21-fba0143c026c</uuid>
  <forward mode='bridge'/>
  <bridge name='br0'/>
</network>

To start network bridge
$ virsh net-start default

To auto start network bridge
$ virsh net-autostart default

To add manually bridge network into vm edit vm and add
<domain type='kvm'>
...
 <devices>
    <interface type='bridge'>
      <mac address='52:54:00:87:65:f6'/>
      <source bridge='br0'/>
      <model type='virtio'/>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x01' slot='0x00' function='0x0'/>
...

References:

  • wiki.debian.org/KVM
  • wiki.debian.org/DebianInstaller/Preseed
  • wiki.debian.org/BridgeNetworkConnections