Dedetok: My Experience Notes: 2025

Friday, October 10, 2025

Debian 13: Configure NVidia in dual gpu - hybrid mode and how to utilize it in Android Studio

List your VGA:

# lspci | grep -E "VGA|3D" 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GA107 [GeForce RTX 2050] (rev a1) 05:00.0 VGA compatible controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Rembrandt [Radeon 680M] (rev 0b)

Installation

# apt-get install firmware-nvidia-graphics nvidia-detect nvidia-driver linux-headers-$(uname -r) vulkan-tools

Warning "Conflicting nouveau kernel module loaded" may appear.

Check your nvidia

# nvidia-detect Detected NVIDIA GPUs: 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: NVIDIA Corporation GA107 [GeForce RTX 2050] [10de:25ad] (rev a1) Checking card: NVIDIA Corporation GA107 [GeForce RTX 2050] (rev a1) Your card is supported by all driver versions. Your card is also supported by the Tesla 535 drivers series. It is recommended to install the nvidia-driver

Chek your nvidia software

Note: run glxinfo in "xfce terminal", not "terminal emulator"

GLX information

$ glxinfo | grep "OpenGL renderer" OpenGL renderer string: AMD Radeon 660M (radeonsi, rembrandt, LLVM 19.1.7, DRM 3.61, 6.12.31-amd64)

The desktop will utilize AMD GPU, we want to run Android Studio and utilize GeForce RTX 2050. Create a bash script to run Android Studio using NVidia Geforce RTX2050 instead build in AMD gpu, e.q

#!/bin/bash # Launch Android Studio using the NVIDIA GPU (Prime Render Offload) APP_PATH="$HOME/AndroidStudio/android-studio/bin/studio.sh" if [ ! -f "$APP_PATH" ]; then echo "Error: Android Studio not found at $APP_PATH" exit 1 fi # Run Android Studio with NVIDIA GPU offload __NV_PRIME_RENDER_OFFLOAD=1 __GLX_VENDOR_LIBRARY_NAME=nvidia "$APP_PATH" &

Usefull command if any systemd error during boot

# journalctl -b -u systemd-modules-load.service

Using nextdns.io as parental control for home user

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Thursday, October 9, 2025

Debian 13: part 2 configure privoxy and torrc as lan https gateway to anonymity Tor Network

Prerequisite Debian 13: part 1 install Tor-Project without error.

General network configuration

Internet — router —- lan —- proxy(tor)

All client has direct connection to internet via router. Client's browser can be configure to use proxy tor for anonymity.

The browser's connection becomes: [Client PC] --> [Debian Server - Tor & Privoxy] --> (WAN/Router) --> Internet (via Tor)

Privoxy is your https proxy. privoxy will connect to tor software, and tor software will find the way to reach destination using tor anonymity network.

Debian proxy

Install privoxy

# apt-get install privoxy

Edit or add your /etc/privoxy/config :

# listening port for your lan listen-address 0.0.0.0:8118 # connection to tor software, privoxy and torrc run on the same server/pc forward-socks5t / 127.0.0.1:9050

Edit or add your /etc/tor/torrc :

# Change "myNiceRelay" to something you like Nickname myNiceRelay # Write your e-mail and be aware it will be published ContactInfo your@e-mail # for relay, 0 disable ORPort 0 # for exit relay, 0 disable ExitRelay 0 # use 127.0.0.1 to make torrc only accessible by localhost / privoxy # comment these if you allow lan accessing torrc SocksPort 9050 SocksListenAddress 127.0.0.1 # uncomment these to allow lan accessing torrc #SocksBindAddress 192.168.1.1:9050 #SocksPolicy accept 192.168.1.0/24 #SocksPolicy reject *

Enable your privoxy and tor service

# systemctl enable tor # systemctl enable privoxy # systemctl restart tor # systemctl restart privoxy

Client Browser

Open your browser setting, find proxy. Fill with

HTTP Proxy: 192.168.1.10
Port: 8118

Note: change 192.168.1.10 to your debian lan ip server.

Now your client can browsing using anonymity tor network

Debian 13: part 1 install Tor-Project

Tor Project's repository only support amd64, arm64, or i386 architectures.

# dpkg --print-architecture amd64

Install apt-transport-https

# apt install apt-transport-https gnupg

Add Tor Project repository into debian machince

Create a new file in /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ named tor.list
Filled /etc/apt/sources.list.d/tor.list with:
deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/deb.torproject.org-keyring.gpg] https://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org trixiemain
deb-src [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/deb.torproject.org-keyring.gpg] https://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org trixie main

Currently, Tor repository only support bookworm, bullseye and trixie.

Add gpg key for Tor Project's repository

# wget -qO- https://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org/A3C4F0F979CAA22CDBA8F512EE8CBC9E886DDD89.asc | gpg --dearmor | tee /usr/share/keyrings/deb.torproject.org-keyring.gpg >/dev/null

If asc file does not exist, use your browser to open https://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org/. It will open directory of /torproject.org. Find file's name with asc, copy the file name and replace A3C4F0F979CAA22CDBA8F512EE8CBC9E886DDD89.asc with the new one.

Install Tor Project key's

# apt install tor deb.torproject.org-keyring

Installing Tor

# apt install tor

Tuesday, October 7, 2025

Debian 13: general nftables with set for web server and router

This is general nftables for apache, ssh, dns ntp

#!/usr/sbin/nft -f flush ruleset table inet filter { # Set for common inbound web server ports set web_ports { type inet_service; flags interval; elements = { 80, 443 } } # Set for other essential services, like SSH, DNS, and NTP set services { type inet_service; elements = { 22, 53, 123 } } chain input { type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop; # Allow connections that are part of an existing or related session ct state established,related accept # Drop invalid packets ct state invalid drop # Allow traffic from the loopback interface iif "lo" accept # Allow incoming traffic for common web services tcp dport @web_ports accept # Allow incoming SSH, DNS, and NTP traffic tcp dport @services accept udp dport @services accept # Allow incoming ICMP (ping) packets for diagnostics icmp type echo-request accept # Log and drop any other incoming traffic meta protocol vmap { ip : log prefix "[NFT-DROP]: ", ip6 : log prefix "[NFT-DROP]: " } meta protocol vmap { ip : drop, ip6 : drop } } chain forward { type filter hook forward priority 0; policy drop; } chain output { type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept; } }

This is nftable for general router

eth0 to internet/router
eth1 to lan

Edit/create nano /etc/sysctl.conf

net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

nftables rules

#!/usr/sbin/nft -f # Clear all existing rules flush ruleset # --- Define variables for interfaces and networks --- define wan_if = eth0 define lan_if = eth1 define lan_net = 192.168.1.0/24 # === Table for IPv4/IPv6 filtering === table inet filter { # Set for essential services (SSH, DNS, NTP) set essential_services { type inet_service; elements = { 22, 53, 123 } } # Set for web server ports set web_ports { type inet_service; flags interval; elements = { 80, 443 } } # Set of trusted interfaces (LAN) set trusted_interfaces { type ifname; elements = { $lan_if } } # Set of untrusted interfaces (WAN) set untrusted_interfaces { type ifname; elements = { $wan_if } } # --- INPUT chain: Controls traffic destined for the router itself --- chain input { type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop; # Accept packets that are part of an established or related connection ct state established,related accept # Drop any packets with an invalid connection state ct state invalid drop # Allow traffic from the loopback interface iif "lo" accept # Allow all traffic from the trusted LAN interfaces iifname @trusted_interfaces accept # Allow incoming SSH, DNS, and NTP from the internet (rate limited) iifname @untrusted_interfaces tcp dport @essential_services limit rate 10/minute accept iifname @untrusted_interfaces udp dport @essential_services limit rate 10/minute accept # Allow incoming web traffic (Apache) from the internet iifname @untrusted_interfaces tcp dport @web_ports accept # Allow ICMP (ping) from the internet, but rate-limit it iifname @untrusted_interfaces icmp type echo-request limit rate 5/second accept # Log and drop everything else coming from untrusted interfaces iifname @untrusted_interfaces log prefix "NFT-INET-DROP: " iifname @untrusted_interfaces drop # Catch-all log and drop for other incoming traffic log prefix "NFT-INPUT-DROP: " drop } # --- FORWARD chain: Controls traffic passing *through* the router --- chain forward { type filter hook forward priority 0; policy drop; # Accept packets that are part of an established or related connection ct state established,related accept # Drop invalid packets ct state invalid drop # Allow outbound traffic from the LAN to the internet iifname @trusted_interfaces oifname @untrusted_interfaces accept # Log and drop any other forwarded traffic log prefix "NFT-FORWARD-DROP: " drop } # --- OUTPUT chain: Controls traffic originating from the server --- chain output { type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept; } } # === NAT table for IPv4 (needed for internet access from LAN) === table ip nat { # --- PREROUTING chain: Used for incoming traffic before routing --- chain prerouting { type nat hook prerouting priority 0; # Example: Port forward incoming web traffic from the internet to a specific LAN machine # iifname $wan_if tcp dport { 80, 443 } dnat to 192.168.1.100 } # --- POSTROUTING chain: Used for outgoing traffic after routing --- chain postrouting { type nat hook postrouting priority 100; # Masquerade traffic leaving the internet interface oifname $wan_if masquerade } }

Monday, October 6, 2025

Debian 13: How to save ai solution with mathematical formula into odt file

After you ask AI, and AI give you solution with mathematical formula. You can not directly to copy-paste the result into libreoffice writer nor microsoft word.

1. Ask your AI to show the result in latex format.

2. Copy paste the result into text file e.q. example.text.

3. Create empty odt file e.q. output.odt

4. Use pandoc application to convert it into odt.

$ pandoc -f latex -t odt -o output.odt example.text

if the input file is latin1 encoded, like my text files, the solution is (imo the best output):

$ iconv -f ISO-8859-1 example.text | pandoc -f latex -t odt -o tmp.odt

WARNING: this command will replace any content in tmp.odt and output.odt.

5. Now, you can open odt with mathematical formula.

To install pandoc and iconv (part of libc-bin)

# apt-get install pandoc libc-bin libreoffice-texmaths

Sunday, October 5, 2025

Debian 13: moving from iptables to nftables

Nftables has been introduced from debian 10. iptables still available until debian 12. since debian 13, nftables is the default firewall. there is iptables-nft layer if user still want to interact with nftables with iptables command with some limitation due to they have different way to manage firewall.

The nftables flow to create firewall rules:

Create rule
Create a table
Create a chain
Create a set (for IPv4 or IPv6)

Add rule(s) that match against that set, we’re using the inet family, the same output chain can handle both IPv4 and IPv6. These is /etc/nftables.conf for pc

any connection from localhost to outside
accept incoming connection for port http, https and ssh from outside
block incoming access from ip 1.2.3.4
block incoming access from ip 1.2.3.5 for port ssh

#!/usr/sbin/nft -f flush ruleset table inet filter { # Define a set for allowed TCP ports set allowed_tcp_ports { type inet_service; elements = { 22, 80, 443 } } # Define a set for blocked IPv4 addresses (all traffic) set blocked_ips { type ipv4_addr; elements = { 1.2.3.4 } } # Define a set for IPs blocked only on SSH set ssh_blocked_ips { type ipv4_addr; elements = { 1.2.3.5 } } chain input { type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop; # Drop packets from blocked IPs (all traffic) ip saddr @blocked_ips drop # Drop SSH packets from ssh_blocked_ips tcp dport 22 ip saddr @ssh_blocked_ips drop # Allow loopback interface iif lo accept # Accept established and related connections ct state established,related accept # Allow ICMP (ping) ip protocol icmp accept ip6 nexthdr icmpv6 accept # Allow TCP packets to ports in allowed_tcp_ports set tcp dport @allowed_tcp_ports accept } chain forward { type filter hook forward priority 0; policy drop; } chain output { type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept; } }

To add element in blocked_ips (temporary, need to save)

# nft add element inet filter blocked_ips { 5.6.7.8 }

To replace the whole element in blocked_ips (temporary, need to save)

# nft replace set inet filter blocked_ips { elements = { 1.2.3.4, 2.3.4.5 } }

To delete an element in blocked_ips (temporary, need to save)

# nft delete element inet filter blocked_ips { 203.0.113.5 }

To store/save nftables permanently

# nft list ruleset > /etc/nftables.conf

This command will clean/remove all rules until nftables.conf reload

# nft flush ruleset

Back to iptables, in iptables the rules store and restore with following command:

# nft list ruleset > my_rules.nft
# nft -f my_rules.nft

This is vulnerable to the system, there is a delay when system ready but not protected by firewall until system fully loading the the firewall rules. This weakness has been eliminate in nftables, nftables uses systemd to load the firewall. Firewall was loaded before system ready.

To enable nftables and start

# systemctl enable nftables # systemctl start nftables

To export set blocked_ips in nftables

# nft list set inet filter blocked_ips > blocked_ips.conf # nft -f blocked_ips.conf

These are more cleaner nftables.conf, set will be put on different file

/etc/nftables.conf:

#!/usr/sbin/nft -f flush ruleset include "/etc/nftables.d/sets-common.nft" include "/etc/nftables.d/sets-ipv4.nft" include "/etc/nftables.d/sets-ipv6.nft" table inet filter { chain input { type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop; ip saddr @blocked_ips_v4 drop ip6 saddr @blocked_ips_v6 drop tcp dport 22 ip saddr @ssh_blocked_ips_v4 drop tcp dport 22 ip6 saddr @ssh_blocked_ips_v6 drop iif lo accept ct state established,related accept ip protocol icmp accept ip6 nexthdr icmpv6 accept tcp dport @allowed_tcp_ports accept tcp dport @allowed_tcp_ports accept } chain forward { type filter hook forward priority 0; policy drop; } chain output { type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept; } }

/etc/nftables.d/sets-common.nft:

table inet filter { set allowed_tcp_ports { type inet_service; elements = { 22, 80, 443 } } }

/etc/nftables.d/sets-ipv4.nft:

table inet filter { set blocked_ips_v4 { type ipv4_addr; elements = { 1.2.3.4 } } set ssh_blocked_ips_v4 { type ipv4_addr; elements = { 1.2.3.5 } } }

/etc/nftables.d/sets-ipv6.nft:

table inet filter { set blocked_ips_v6 { type ipv6_addr; elements = { 2001:db8::dead:beef } } set ssh_blocked_ips_v6 { type ipv6_addr; elements = { 2001:db8::cafe:babe } } }

Wednesday, October 1, 2025

Moving apace, mariadb and php project from a debian site to other debian site

I want to create a bash script to backup and restore the project (apache, mariadb and php) easily. I need to work at 2 debian machine with the same configuration in 2 different location. I ask to duck.ai to solve the problem. Here is the result.

Create a file myconfig.conf

# myconfig.conf
DB_NAME="your_database_name"
DB_USER="your_username"
DB_PASS="your_password"
PROJECT_ROOT="/path/to/your/php/project" # Add this line

Create bash script mybackup.sh

#!/bin/bash

# Load database configuration from myconfig.conf
source myconfig.conf

# Create a backup file name for the database
DB_BACKUP_FILE="${DB_NAME}_$(date +%Y-%m-%d).sql"
# Create a zip file name for the project
PROJECT_BACKUP_FILE="$(basename "$PROJECT_ROOT")_backup_$(date +%Y-%m-%d).zip"

# Function to backup the database
backup_database() {
echo "Backing up database: $DB_NAME"
mysqldump -u "$DB_USER" -p"$DB_PASS" "$DB_NAME" > "$DB_BACKUP_FILE"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Database backup successful: $DB_BACKUP_FILE"
else
echo "Database backup failed!"
return 1
fi
}

# Function to zip the project files
zip_project() {
echo "Zipping project files from: $PROJECT_ROOT"
zip -r "$PROJECT_BACKUP_FILE" "$PROJECT_ROOT"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Project backup successful: $PROJECT_BACKUP_FILE"
else
echo "Project backup failed!"
return 1
fi
}

# Function to restore the database
restore_database() {
echo "Restoring database: $DB_NAME from $1"
mysql -u "$DB_USER" -p"$DB_PASS" "$DB_NAME" < "$1"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Database restore successful!"
else
echo "Database restore failed!"
fi
}

# Function to unzip the project files
unzip_project() {
echo "Unzipping project files to: $PROJECT_ROOT"
unzip -o "$1" -d "$PROJECT_ROOT"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Project restore successful!"
else
echo "Project restore failed!"
fi
}

# Check command line arguments
if [ "$1" == "backup" ]; then
backup_database
zip_project
elif [ "$1" == "restore" ]; then
if [ -z "$2" ] || [ -z "$3" ]; then
echo "Please provide the SQL backup file and the project zip file to restore from."
exit 1
fi
SQL_BACKUP_FILE="$2"
PROJECT_BACKUP_FILE="$3"
restore_database "$SQL_BACKUP_FILE"
unzip_project "$PROJECT_BACKUP_FILE"
else
echo "Usage: $0 {backup|restore [sql_backup_file] [project_backup_file]}"
exit 1
fi

To backup

./mybackup.sh backup

It will create 2 files

zip for backup and restore web root project
sql for backup and restore mariadb database

To restore

./mybackup.sh restore your_database_backup.sql your_project_backup_file.zip

Tuesday, September 30, 2025

How to fix error HY000/1045 after upgrading phpmyadmin

I used Debian 13 repository to upgrade phpmyadmin. During upgrading from previous version, configuration can not be continue and must be ignore. After phpmyadmin installed error messages come to web:

mysqli::real_connect(): (HY000/1045): Access denied for user 'phpmyadmin'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
Connection for controluser as defined in your configuration failed.

Create user pma (default) and password:

MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE USER 'pma'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'pmapass'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.003 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON phpmyadmin.* TO 'pma'@'localhost'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.003 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.002 sec)

Edit file /etc/phpmyadmin/config-db.php

... $dbuser='pma'; $dbpass='pmapass'; ...

Edit file /etc/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php

... /* Configure according to dbconfig-common if enabled */ if (!empty($dbname)) { /* Authentication type */ $cfg['Servers'][$i]['auth_type'] = 'cookie'; /* Server parameters */ if (empty($dbserver)) $dbserver = 'localhost'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] = $dbserver; if (!empty($dbport) || $dbserver != 'localhost') { $cfg['Servers'][$i]['connect_type'] = 'tcp'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['port'] = $dbport; } //$cfg['Servers'][$i]['compress'] = false; /* Optional: User for advanced features */ $cfg['Servers'][$i]['controluser'] = $dbuser; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['controlpass'] = $dbpass; /* Optional: Advanced phpMyAdmin features */ $cfg['Servers'][$i]['pmadb'] = $dbname; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['bookmarktable'] = 'pma__bookmark'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['relation'] = 'pma__relation'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['table_info'] = 'pma__table_info'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['table_coords'] = 'pma__table_coords'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['pdf_pages'] = 'pma__pdf_pages'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['column_info'] = 'pma__column_info'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['history'] = 'pma__history'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['table_uiprefs'] = 'pma__table_uiprefs'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['tracking'] = 'pma__tracking'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['userconfig'] = 'pma__userconfig'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['recent'] = 'pma__recent'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['favorite'] = 'pma__favorite'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['users'] = 'pma__users'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['usergroups'] = 'pma__usergroups'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['navigationhiding'] = 'pma__navigationhiding'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['savedsearches'] = 'pma__savedsearches'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['central_columns'] = 'pma__central_columns'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['designer_settings'] = 'pma__designer_settings'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['export_templates'] = 'pma__export_templates'; /* Uncomment the following to enable logging in to passwordless accounts, * after taking note of the associated security risks. */ // $cfg['Servers'][$i]['AllowNoPassword'] = TRUE; /* Advance to next server for rest of config */ $i++; } /* Authentication type */ //$cfg['Servers'][$i]['auth_type'] = 'cookie'; /* Server parameters */ //$cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] = 'localhost'; //$cfg['Servers'][$i]['connect_type'] = 'tcp'; //$cfg['Servers'][$i]['compress'] = false; /* Uncomment the following to enable logging in to passwordless accounts, * after taking note of the associated security risks. */ // $cfg['Servers'][$i]['AllowNoPassword'] = TRUE; /** * phpMyAdmin configuration storage settings. */ /* User used to manipulate with storage */ $cfg['Servers'][$i]['controlhost'] = ''; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['controlport'] = ''; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['controluser'] = 'pma'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['controlpass'] = 'pmapass'; /* Storage database and tables */ $cfg['Servers'][$i]['pmadb'] = 'phpmyadmin'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['bookmarktable'] = 'pma__bookmark'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['relation'] = 'pma__relation'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['table_info'] = 'pma__table_info'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['table_coords'] = 'pma__table_coords'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['pdf_pages'] = 'pma__pdf_pages'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['column_info'] = 'pma__column_info'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['history'] = 'pma__history'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['table_uiprefs'] = 'pma__table_uiprefs'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['tracking'] = 'pma__tracking'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['userconfig'] = 'pma__userconfig'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['recent'] = 'pma__recent'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['favorite'] = 'pma__favorite'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['users'] = 'pma__users'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['usergroups'] = 'pma__usergroups'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['navigationhiding'] = 'pma__navigationhiding'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['savedsearches'] = 'pma__savedsearches'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['central_columns'] = 'pma__central_columns'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['designer_settings'] = 'pma__designer_settings'; $cfg['Servers'][$i]['export_templates'] = 'pma__export_templates'; ...

Debian 13: how to limit cpu frequency to preserve power or keep cpu cooler

Since Debian 13, cpufreq is being replaced by cpupower. Don't mix using power-profiles-daemon and linux-cpupower. I prefer to use linux-cpupower.

Install

# apt-get install linux-cpupower

Show available frequency

# cpupower frequency-info analyzing CPU 1: driver: acpi-cpufreq CPUs which run at the same hardware frequency: 1 CPUs which need to have their frequency coordinated by software: 1 maximum transition latency: 4.0 us hardware limits: 1000 MHz - 2.20 GHz available frequency steps: 2.20 GHz, 2.00 GHz, 1.80 GHz, 1.60 GHz, 1.30 GHz, 1000 MHz available cpufreq governors: performance schedutil current policy: frequency should be within 1000 MHz and 2.20 GHz. The governor "schedutil" may decide which speed to use within this range. current CPU frequency: 1.30 GHz (asserted by call to hardware) boost state support: Supported: yes Active: no Boost States: 2 Total States: 8 Pstate-Pb0: 2500MHz (boost state) Pstate-Pb1: 2400MHz (boost state) Pstate-P0: 2200MHz Pstate-P1: 2000MHz Pstate-P2: 1800MHz Pstate-P3: 1600MHz Pstate-P4: 1300MHz Pstate-P5: 1000MHz

Available frequency steps are: 2.20 GHz, 2.00 GHz, 1.80 GHz, 1.60 GHz, 1.30 GHz, 1000 MHz. Use frequency 1.8 GHz for all core:

# cpupower frequency-set -u 1.80 GHz Setting cpu: 0 Setting cpu: 1 Setting cpu: 2 Setting cpu: 3

After applying maximum frequency

# cpupower frequency-info analyzing CPU 2: driver: acpi-cpufreq CPUs which run at the same hardware frequency: 2 CPUs which need to have their frequency coordinated by software: 2 maximum transition latency: 4.0 us hardware limits: 1000 MHz - 2.20 GHz available frequency steps: 2.20 GHz, 2.00 GHz, 1.80 GHz, 1.60 GHz, 1.30 GHz, 1000 MHz available cpufreq governors: performance schedutil current policy: frequency should be within 1000 MHz and 1000 MHz. The governor "schedutil" may decide which speed to use within this range. current CPU frequency: 1000 MHz (asserted by call to hardware) boost state support: Supported: yes Active: no Boost States: 2 Total States: 8 Pstate-Pb0: 2500MHz (boost state) Pstate-Pb1: 2400MHz (boost state) Pstate-P0: 2200MHz Pstate-P1: 2000MHz Pstate-P2: 1800MHz Pstate-P3: 1600MHz Pstate-P4: 1300MHz Pstate-P5: 1000MHz

To make it persistent, create or edit /etc/systemd/system/cpu-limit.service

[Unit] Description=Set CPU power management settings# latest state runlevel 3 in SysVinit, let CPU run maximum frequency during starting system servicesAfter=multi-user.target# run after network ready
#After=network.target# network may not run
#After=sysinit.target [Service] Type=oneshot ExecStart=/usr/bin/cpupower frequency-set -u 2.00GHz #ExecStart=/usr/bin/cpupower frequency-set --max 2.00GHz #ExecStart=/usr/bin/cpupower frequency-set -g performance # You can customize the cpupower command here. # For example, to set to powersave: # ExecStart=/usr/bin/cpupower frequency-set -g powersave # Or to set a specific frequency: # ExecStart=/usr/bin/cpupower frequency-set -f 2.5GHz [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target

Note: you can copy paste and adjust frequency for your laptop/PC.

Change file permission

# chmod 644 /etc/systemd/system/cpu-limit.service

Reload system daemon

# systemctl daemon-reload # systemctl enable cpu-limit.service Created symlink '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/cpu-limit.service' → '/etc/systemd/system/cpu-limit.service'.

Everytime your restart this daemon will run time to set maximum frequency.

Sunday, September 28, 2025

Debian 13: Fresh install dual boot Axioo Hype 5 AMD X6 using usb flash disk with ventoy boot manager installed

Spesification Axioo Hype 5 AMD X6:

Ryzen™ 5 6600H & grafis Radeon™ 660M
16GB DDR5 RAM & 512GB SSD Gen 3

Shrink your windows 11 partition. We need 84 GB free space. 80 GB for debian / ext4 and 4 GB for swap. We do need to reserve 500 MB for ESP (EFI System Partition), windows 11 already create it.

Use windows disk manager and shrink partition. Fill

Enter the amount of space in MB 84000 MB

It is good practice to separate partition for windows system and application, and user data partition.

To install Ventoy boot manager in flash disk follow this.

Insert your USB flash disk contain Debian 13 net installer and ventoy installed. Press and hold “Shift” and restart windows. Unpress shift after laptop restarted.

Select “Use Device” and choose USB flash disk to boot.

Ventoy boot manager will give you any iso file you stored on flash disk if any. Choose debian, select “Boot in normal mode”.

Debian installer started, follow the instruction. You need an internet connection to install the xfce desktop environment.

At the partition section, choose “Manual”. Create 80 GB type “ext4” mount / and 4 GB type “Swap”. Write change to disk.

Beware, there is a USB flash disk appear in the partition menu. It is shown as “SCSI1 (0.0.0) (sda)” on my laptop.

In package manager, I choose

Xfce
Standard system utility

For special purpose installation choose debian blend. Release of debian pure blend can be read on www.debian.org/blends/.

Finally, restart your laptop. Press F2 to enter bios. At boot menu, select debian boot manager first and then windows. Debian grub has the option to enter windows not vice versa.

If you wish, to select windows as default grub selection, edit /etc/default/grub

GRUB_DEFAULT=2

Save it and run

# update-grub

Friday, September 26, 2025

Debian 13: Using Ventoy to create bootable flash disk for multiple ISO

Download ventoy from www.ventoy.net, choose tar.gz. At this documentation wrote, it was ventoy-1.1.07-linux.tar.gz.

Extract it here, it will create directory ventoy-1.1.07. You can move directory from download to your home.

To avoid any typo or wrong device storage, it is recommended to use GUI. Insert you new or unused flash disk and open ventoy GUI, from terminal

$ cd ventoy-1.1.07/ $ ./VentoyGUI.x86_64&

It will ask root/sudo password. Click Install and you will get warning all data will be destroyed and flash disk will be formatted. Wait until finish.

Unmount your flash disk. Remove and reinsert your flash disk. You can add your iso file into your flash disk.

Note: Do not store your iso files too deep under subdirectory.

Sample Directory:

Ventoy -- debian -- debian-13.1.0-amd64-netinst.iso -- windows --

Note: size of debian-13.1.0-amd64-netinst.iso is more then 700MB which it is not fit into CD ROM anymore.

Use flash disk USB 3.0 or above. I use Adata flash disk USB 3.0.

It is hard to find CD or DVD in Indonesia. Almost software is distribute directly from cloud, no disk media anymore. Some provide flash disk installer in part of package.

Saturday, September 20, 2025

Debian 13: solving error ring 2 stalled on HP 15-AF109AX AMD A8-7410 APU Radeon R5

Laptop:

AMD A8-7410 APU Radeon R5 GCN 1.2 (Spectre)
HP 15-AF109AX

symptom: Screen flickering continuously at some interval time

Dmesg error:

[ 3806.507278] radeon 0000:00:01.0: ring 2 stalled for more than 29348msec [ 3806.507310] radeon 0000:00:01.0: GPU lockup (current fence id 0x000000000000038f last fence id 0x0000000000000390 on ring 2)

Which non free firmware? These are generation AMD Graphics Processor

Use radeon for older then GCN and RDNA

Use amdgpu for Graphic Core Next/GCN generation

GCN 1.0 Radion HD 7000
GCN 2.0 Radeon 200
GCN 3.0 Radeon 300
GCN 4.0 Radeon 400/500/600
GCN 5.0 Radeon RX Vega, Radeon VII

Use ROCm for RDNA

RDNA 1 Radeon RX 5000
RDNA 2 Radeon RX 6000
RDNA 3 Radeon RX 7000
RDNA 4 Radeon RX 8000

Install firmware, you need add non-free repository

# apt-get install firmware-amd-graphics

Check firmware loaded

# lspci -k | grep -A 3 VGA 00:01.0 VGA compatible controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Mullins [Radeon R4/R5 Graphics] (rev 45) Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Device 80cc Kernel driver in use: radeon Kernel modules: radeon, amdgpu

# lspci -nn | grep VGA

The Mullins Accelerated Processing Units (APUs), which include the Radeon R4/R5 Graphics, use the GCN 1.1 architecture. Googling for yours if necessary. Create/Edit /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-radeon.conf

Section "Device" Identifier "AMD Graphics" Driver "amdgpu" Option "TearFree" "true" EndSection

If your card is GCN 1.0 and 1.2 ("Southern Islands" or "Sea Islands" cards) , for potentially better performance and Vulkan support, you need to add kernel parameter. Edit /etc/default/grub and add parameter

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash radeon.cik_support=0 amdgpu.cik_support=1"

update grub

# update-grub update-grub

Example old AMD Graphic

Wrestler [Radeon HD 6310]

google-chrome use gpu acceleration, this can also causing ring 2 stalled. Disabling google-chrome gpu accelerated.

$ google-chrome-stable --disable-gpu --disable-software-rasterizer

Create script to run start_chrome.sh

#!/bin/bash google-chrome-stable --disable-gpu --disable-software-rasterizer "$@" &

Make it runnable

$ chmod 764 ./start_chrome.sh

Friday, September 19, 2025

Debian 13: using systemd-resolved to replace old way to resolving dns

Install systemd-resolved

# apt-get install systemd-resolved

Enable it

# systemctl enable systemd-resolved

Old fashion /etc/resolv.conf

# Generated by NetworkManager nameserver 45.90.28.186 nameserver 8.8.8.8 nameserver 1.1.1.1

Change/Edit configuration file /etc/systemd/resolved.conf

DNS=45.90.28.186 8.8.8.8 1.1.1.1 DNSOverTLS=yes

Optional

DNS=45.90.28.186 8.8.8.8#dns.google 8.8.4.4#dns.google 2001:4860:4860::8888#dns.google 2001:4860:4860::8844#dns.google 1.1.1.1#cloudflare-dns.com 1.0.0.1#cloudflare-dns.com 2006:4700:4700::1111#cloudflare-dns.com 2606:4700:4700:1001#cloudflare-dns.com DNSOverTLS=yes

Enable systemd-resolved in Network Manager, edit /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf

[main] plugins=ifupdown,keyfile dns=systed-resovled

Restart Network Manager

# systemctl restart NetworkManager

Restart systemd-resolved

# systemctl restart systemd-resolved

Test it

# nslookup duckduckgo.com Server: 127.0.0.53 Address: 127.0.0.53#53 Non-authoritative answer: Name: duckduckgo.com Address: 20.43.161.105

Done. This configuration can be used to protect your dns resolved from dns query hijacking.

Handy diagnostics guide:

Dig

# dig duckduckgo.com @1.1.1.1 +short safe.duckduckgo.com. 202.169.44.80

Nslookup

# nslookup duckduckgo.com 8.8.8.8 Server: 8.8.8.8 Address: 8.8.8.8#53 Non-authoritative answer: duckduckgo.com canonical name = safe.duckduckgo.com. Name: safe.duckduckgo.com Address: 202.169.44.80 Name: safe.duckduckgo.com Address: 2404:8000:11:2::2

Whois

# whois 202.168.44.80 % [whois.apnic.net] % Whois data copyright terms http://www.apnic.net/db/dbcopyright.html % Information related to '202.168.0.0 - 202.168.63.255' % Abuse contact for '202.168.0.0 - 202.168.63.255' is 'hostmaster@tpgtelecom.com.au' inetnum: 202.168.0.0 - 202.168.63.255 netname: TPG-AU descr: TPG Internet Pty Ltd. country: AU org: ORG-TIPL2-AP admin-c: TH178-AP tech-c: TH178-AP abuse-c: AT937-AP status: ALLOCATED PORTABLE remarks: Australian Internet Service Provider (ISP) remarks: http://www.tpg.com.au

Curl

# curl -I https://www.duckduckgo.com curl: (7) Failed to connect to www.duckduckgo.com port 443 after 4129 ms: Could not connect to server

Note: curl and whois showing duckduckgo.com directing to wrong address.

Tuesday, September 16, 2025

Debian 13: UEFI partition during installation process

Begin in 2011, computer manufacturers were moving to use UEFI and left BIOS. Today, it is mandatory for system with UEFI to have separate partition for EFI System Partition / ESP.

ESP contain boot loader to start operating system. One ESP may contain some boot loader for different operating system. Size of ESP for windows and Debian is 500MB to avoid problem when update occurred. It means for multi OS with different boot loader, ESP partition required bigger size.

During Debian installation, at step configure partition, create:

size: 500 MB or bigger
type: "EFI System Partition (ESP)", "EFI System Partition" or similar

All partitions required in Debian 13 system are:

ESP: 500MB or bigger, will marked boot sector 0xEE
Swap: 2 times physical memory. IMO, for physical memory more then 16GB, swap size equal to physical memory or less.
root partition for single point mount /, or custom partition.

There are 3 types boot process and its year period:

BIOS: old PC
BIOS + GPT PC 2000-2020
ESP + GPT PC > 2020

Monday, September 15, 2025

Python: using gemini and chatgpt to help creating python3 code to get last 3 characters in composite name in Sheet1

We define the problem to ask AI to generate python code. This is the crucial part, to get output that we expected.

In Indonesia language we define:

saya punya data excel di sheet1 yang berisi nama. headet sheet1 adalah no dan nama komposit. nama komposit terdiri dari 2 nama dipisah dengan tanda /. tidak semua nama komposit memiliki 2 nama. nama pertama ada yang menggunakan nama panggilan yang disimpan didalam tanda (). nama pertama selalu ada disetiap row. sayang ingin mengambil 3 huruf terakhir dari nama pertama, bukan yang berada dalam tanda kurung. buatkan kode pyhton3 dengan openpyxl library. print no, nama, dan 3 huruf terakhir, gunakan ; untuk pemisah dan masukan string kedalam "" agar output mudah di simpan kedalam csv.

In English language we define:

I have Excel data in sheet 1 containing names. The header of sheet 1 is a composite number and name. A composite name consists of two names separated by a / symbol. Not all composite names have two names. Some first names use nicknames stored within the () symbol. The first name is always present in every row. Unfortunately, I want to extract the last three letters of the first name, not the ones in parentheses. Create a Python 3 code using the OpenPyXL library. Print the number, name, and last three letters, use ; as the separator, and enclose the string in "" to make the output easy to save to a CSV.

Choose one of them, feed it into chat.openai.com / chatgpt.com and gemini.google.com, you can use 2 tab or 2 window browser. This is only example, you need to define your expected output.

I replace xlsx file name "data_tr.xlsx"

Here is the code generated by chatgpt.com:

from openpyxl import load_workbook import re # Mengambil nama pertama dari "nama komposit" (sebelum tanda /) # Menghapus bagian dalam tanda kurung () dari nama pertama # Mengambil 3 huruf terakhir dari nama pertama yang telah dibersihkan # Ganti dengan path ke file Excel kamu file_path = "data_tr.xlsx" # Load workbook dan sheet wb = load_workbook(filename=file_path) ws = wb["Sheet1"] # Print header print('"no";"nama komposit";"3 huruf terakhir"') # Proses tiap baris (mulai dari baris ke-2 karena baris 1 adalah header) for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=2, max_col=2): no = row[0].value nama_komposit = str(row[1].value).strip() if row[1].value else "" # Ambil nama pertama dari nama komposit nama_pertama = nama_komposit.split("/")[0].strip() # Hapus isi dalam tanda kurung, misalnya (Budi) nama_pertama_bersih = re.sub(r"$[^)]*$", "", nama_pertama).strip() # Ambil 3 huruf terakhir (jika cukup panjang) tiga_huruf_terakhir = nama_pertama_bersih[-3:] if len(nama_pertama_bersih) >= 3 else nama_pertama_bersih # Format dan cetak hasil print(f'"{no}";"{nama_komposit}";"{tiga_huruf_terakhir}"')

Here is the code generated by gemini:

import openpyxl # Ganti 'nama_file_anda.xlsx' dengan nama file Excel Anda file_path = 'data_tr.xlsx' try: # Membuka workbook dan memilih sheet aktif workbook = openpyxl.load_workbook(file_path) sheet = workbook.active # Mencetak header header_string = '"No";"Nama Komposit";"3 Huruf Terakhir"' print(header_string) # Iterasi dari baris ke-2 (mengabaikan header yang sudah dicetak) for row in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=2): no_cell = row[0] nama_komposit_cell = row[1] # Mengabaikan baris kosong if not no_cell.value or not nama_komposit_cell.value: continue # Mengambil nilai dari cell no = no_cell.value nama_komposit = str(nama_komposit_cell.value) # Memisahkan nama komposit berdasarkan '/' nama_pertama = nama_komposit.split('/')[0].strip() # Menghapus nama panggilan dalam kurung if '(' in nama_pertama and ')' in nama_pertama: idx_buka = nama_pertama.find('(') nama_pertama = nama_pertama[:idx_buka].strip() # Mengambil 3 huruf terakhir dari nama pertama dan mengubahnya menjadi huruf kapital tiga_huruf_terakhir = nama_pertama[-3:].upper() # Mencetak data sesuai format yang diminta output_string = f'"{no}";"{nama_komposit}";"{tiga_huruf_terakhir}"' print(output_string) except FileNotFoundError: print(f"Error: File '{file_path}' tidak ditemukan. Pastikan nama file sudah benar.") except Exception as e: print(f"Terjadi kesalahan: {e}")

The code contain Indonesia Languge when the chat feed in Indonesia Language.

If you use virtual environment, activate it first

$ cd mypyenv ~/mypyenv$ source venv/bin/activate

Remember, AI may make mistake the output was generated base on statistics values from every tokens. You must check the output. You may seen the output style has deference based on data the AI developer feed during learning.

This is the way AI help to create source code that we never learn before.

Tuesday, September 9, 2025

Python: fixing indentation in python

In python, indentation must consistent, runtime will report error if indentation inconsistent.

It is hard if we use some editor to write the code. We can use black to fix it automatically base on pep 8 (Python Enhancement Proposal 8).

Installing black

# apt-get install black Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: python3-click python3-mypy-extensions python3-pathspec python3-platformdirs Suggested packages: python-black-doc The following NEW packages will be installed: black python3-click python3-mypy-extensions python3-pathspec python3-platformdirs 0 upgraded, 5 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded. Need to get 1,502 kB of archives. After this operation, 6,442 kB of additional disk space will be used.

Using black

$ black ./[your_python_file_to_fix].py reformatted [your_python_file_to_fix].py All done! ✨ 🍰 ✨ 1 file reformatted.

Wednesday, September 3, 2025

Debian 13: troubleshooting connecting to wifi using cmd nmcli

I prefer to use command line because mostly server does not installed window manager. I need to familiar to use command line in any situation.

To show wifi radio enable

# nmcli radio wifi enabled

To turn on radio wifi

# nmcli radio wifi on

To list available wifi

# nmcli device wifi list IN-USE BSSID SSID ...

To rescan available wifi

# nmcli dev wifi rescan

To connect to wifi access point

# nmcli device wifi connect "[your_SSID]" password "[your_password]" ...

To show connection

# nmcli connection show NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE ...

Note: parameter dev is short from device

Tuesday, September 2, 2025

Debian 13 icewm/openbox/fluxbox: using pavucontrol & pulseaudio

Install pavucontrol & pulseaudio

# apt-get install pavucontrol pulseaudio Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done ...

To run pavecontrol in terminal

$ pulseaudio&

Monday, September 1, 2025

pyhton3: read xlsx using open3pyxl

Install open3pyxl library on Debian system

# apt-get install open3pyxl Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done ...

Install open3pyxl library on user virtual environment (not messing with python used by Debian)

$ cd mypyenv ~/mypyenv$ source venv/bin/activate(venv) [user]@[hostname]:~/mypyenv$ pip list Package Version ------- ------- pip 25.1.1 (venv) [user]@[hostname]:~/mypyenv$ pip install openpyxl Collecting openpyxl Downloading openpyxl-3.1.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl.metadata (2.5 kB) Collecting et-xmlfile (from openpyxl) Downloading et_xmlfile-2.0.0-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (2.7 kB) Downloading openpyxl-3.1.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl (250 kB) Downloading et_xmlfile-2.0.0-py3-none-any.whl (18 kB) Installing collected packages: et-xmlfile, openpyxl Successfully installed et-xmlfile-2.0.0 openpyxl-3.1.5 (venv) [user]@[hostname]:~/mypyenv$ pip list Package Version ---------- ------- et_xmlfile 2.0.0 openpyxl 3.1.5 pip 25.1.1

Here is sample script to enumerate row and column

import openpyxl from datetime import datetime path = "./[replace_with_your_file].xlsx" # wb_obj = openpyxl.load_workbook(path) # Open xlsx without option wb_obj = openpyxl.load_workbook(path, data_only=True) # Open xlsx with option Data Only ## object sheet # using active sheet #sheet_obj = wb_obj.active ## using Sheet1 sheet_obj = wb_obj["Sheet1"]# Sheet start from 1,1 not 0,0 # Access cell at row 1, column 1 #cell_obj = sheet_obj.cell(row=1, column=1) #print("Cell 1 column 1 is ",cell_obj.value)
# to print row 1 column 20 #cell_obj = sheet_obj.cell(row=1, column=20) #print("Cell 1 column 20 is ",cell_obj.value) # Enumerate row # first row is header # max_row may contains empty row for i in range (2, sheet_obj.max_row): cell_obj = sheet_obj.cell(row=i, column=1) if cell_obj.value is not None: # enumerate column # we need fix column e.q 6 column from 1 to 6 # Do not use max_column # for j in range (1, max_column): # Do not use this, use fix number
for j in range (1, 6): mycell_obj = sheet_obj.cell(row=i, column=j) #if mycell_obj is not None: # if you usemax_column, this will not working, only working for row print(mycell_obj.value, " | ", end='') # print without new line print() # print a new line else: # the row is empty we break print() # print a new line break

Wednesday, August 27, 2025

Debian 13: install OpenBox, Fluxbox and IceWM with XFCE installed

Hardware:

HP 15-AF109AX
AMD A8-7410 APU
ASUS EEE PC 1215B
AMD E-350 Processor

Compare

Feature	Fluxbox	Openbox	IceWM
Ram idle	~60–100 MB	~80–120 MB	~80–150 MB
Panel	n/a	n/a	Yes
Toolbar	n/a	tint2	Yes, like Windows 95
Access menu	Right Click	Right Click	Toolbar like Windows 95
Application list	Manual only	Auto populate	Auto populate

To install fluxbox is straight forward.

# apt-get install fluxbox Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done

To install openbox is straight forward.

# apt-get install openbox Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: libid3tag0 libimlib2t64 libobrender32v5 libobt2v5 libspectre1 obconf scrot

To install icewm is straight forward.

# apt-get install icewm Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done

To switch your Desktop into OpenBox, Fluxbox or IceWM, logout and select tool on top-right icon to select openbox.

Right click to select application menu to launch. It is old fashion Unix Desktop terminal. If you ever used Solaris 8.0 workstation, it looks so closed. in Fluxbox, installed application needs to run by command in bash shell.

Do not remove XFCE (or existing Window Manager) if you are not familiar with OpenBox, Fluxbox or IceWM. You can switch to XFCE XFCE (or existing Window Manager) or openbox anytime you want.

NOTE: Do not expecting the performance likes a new PC, for office like libreoffice requires processor power to speed up.

Monday, August 25, 2025

Debian 13: pyhton3 setting virtual environment

Run once

Installing packages

As root

# sudo apt install python3 python3-pip python3-venv

As user for example user1

As user1

We create folder to store python3 packages for user1 folder name is mpyvenv

$ mkdir mypyenv $ cd mypyenv ~/mypyenv$ python3 -m venv venv ~/mypyenv$ ls venv

Every time entering virtual environment use this command

$ cd mypyenv ~/mypyenv$ source venv/bin/activate (venv) [user]@[host]:~/mypyenv$

To exit virtual environment

(venv) [user]@[host]:~/mypyenv$ deactivate ~/mypyenv$

Note:

put every python project under directory virtual environment, for this example I used mypyenv.
A user can have multiple virtual environment for each project. Each project must have a single entry point to root folder.

References: chatgpt.com gemini.google.com

Friday, August 15, 2025

Debian 13: upgrading ASUS Eee PC 1215B from Debian 11 to Debian 13

ASUS Eee PC 1215B Release April 2011
AMD E-350 dual-core 1.6 GHz
AMD Radeon HD 6310 graphics 1366x768
Ram DDR3

It is recommended to use shell, during upgrade, desktop environment may be restarting and causing screen lock.

To get into shell, after Desktop login menu appear, press Ctrl + Alt + F1. To turn back into Desktop press Ctrl + Alt + F7.

Edit /etc/apt/sources.list

#main # 11 to 12 deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free-firmware non-free # 12 to 13 #deb https://deb.debian.org/debian trixie main contrib non-free-firmware non-free #mirror auto # 11 to 12 deb http://mirror.unair.ac.id/debian bookworm main contrib # 12 to 13 #deb http://mirror.unair.ac.id/debian trixie main contrib #security # 11 to 12 deb https://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free-firmware non-free # 12 to 13 #deb https://security.debian.org/debian-security trixie-security main contrib non-free-firmware non-free #update # 11 to 12 deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main contrib non-free-firmware non-free # 12 to 13 #deb https://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-updates main contrib non-free-firmware non-free #backport # 11 to 12 deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main # 12 to 13 #deb http://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-backports main

As mention in Debian official website, you can not directly upgrade from Debian 11 to Debian 13. You need to upgrade it in sequence

Upgrade Debian 11 to Debian 12

Edit /etc/apt/sources.list, remove '#' any line containing bookworm and add '#' any line containing trixie.

Update Repository
# apt-get update
Take full upgrade
# apt full-upgrade
Restart and perform clean up
# apt-get autoclean && apt-get autoremove -y

This toke 2 hours and 30 minutes.

This error occurred when we just perform apt upgrade --without-new-pkgs, make restart and upgrade to Debian 13

Preparing to unpack .../base-files_13.8_amd64.deb ... ****************************************************************************** * * The base-files package cannot be installed because * /bin is a directory, but should be a symbolic link. * * Please install the usrmerge package to convert this system to merged-/usr. * * For more information please read https://wiki.debian.org/UsrMerge. * ****************************************************************************** dpkg: error processing archive /var/cache/apt/archives/base-files_13.8_amd64.deb (--unpack): new base-files package pre-installation script subprocess returned error exit s tatus 1 Errors were encountered while processing: /var/cache/apt/archives/base-files_13.8_amd64.deb E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

Upgrade Debian 12 to Debian 13

Edit /etc/apt/sources.list, add '#' any line containing bookworm and remove '#' any line containing trixie.

Update Repository
# apt-get update
Take full upgrade
# apt full-upgrade
Restart and perform clean up
# apt-get autoclean && apt-get autoremove -y

This toke 3 hours to upgrade 1.945 packages with size 1.388 MB.

Total hours are 5 hours and 30 minutes, with all applications upgraded to latest version.

Thursday, August 14, 2025

Debian 13: Ops, something is wrong during upgrading from Debian 12 to Debian 13

If something wrong during upgrade debian 12 to debian 13, so the installation did not finish, here is my share how to solved it.

In my case, screen got locked, so I need to manual power off and restart the Laptop.

Normal boot to linux won't work, if possible during selecting menu in grub, select "Advanced Option" and select "Recovery Mode". If you can not go into grub menu, you need to use Debian rescue CD/USB, I use minimal (net install CD),

If you use CD/USB, you will rescue your Debian using chroot.

To repair grub using CD/USB, you need to enter your drive.

To repair broken upgrade using CD/USB, you need to select your Debian partition and mounting /boot partition.

If you using CD/USB rescue, when repair has completed, type exit from chroot

Command to repair broken upgrade process:

# dpkg --configure -a .... # apt --fix-broken install .... # apt full-upgrade ...- # grub-update ... # grub-install /dev/sda ....

To manage boot efi using efibootmgr

# apt install efibootmgr # efibootmgr BootCurrent: 0002 Timeout: 5 seconds BootOrder: 0001,3001,0002,2001,2002,2003 Boot0001* Windows Boot Manager HD(2,GPT,41ed4da9-8f99-445d-b3dc-d37f4ad717da,0x109000,0x32000)/File(\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\bootmgfw.efi)57494e444f5753000100000088000000780000004200430044004f0042004a004500430054003d007b00390064006500610038003600320063002d0035006300640064002d0034006500370030002d0061006300630031002d006600330032006200330034003400640034003700390035007d00000061000100000010000000040000007fff0400 Boot0002* debian HD(2,GPT,41ed4da9-8f99-445d-b3dc-d37f4ad717da,0x109000,0x32000)/File(\EFI\debian\shimx64.efi) Boot2001* USB Drive (UEFI) RC Boot2002* Internal CD/DVD ROM Drive (UEFI) RC Boot3000* Internal Hard Disk or Solid State Disk RC Boot3001* Internal Hard Disk or Solid State Disk RC Boot3002* Internal Hard Disk or Solid State Disk RC # efibootmgr --bootorder Boot0002,Boot0001

Laptop HP Model 15-af109AX, Boot Manager is handled by Bios. This model may be not supported in Debian 13 (No problem in Debian 12), I can not change boot order using BIOS nor efibootmgr. To select boot loader, you need to press F9 button.

Wednesday, August 13, 2025

Debian 13: upgrade from debian 12 bookworm to debian 13 trixie

It is recommended to use shell, during upgrade, desktop environment may be restarting and causing screen lock.

To get into shell, after Desktop login menu appear, press Ctrl + Alt + F1. To turn back into Desktop press Ctrl + Alt + F7.

Current version

# cat /etc/debian_version 12.11

Edit /etc/apt/source.list

#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 12.0.0 _Bookworm_ - Official amd64 NETINST with firmware 20230610-10:21]/ bookworm main non-free-firmware #main #deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free-firmware non-free deb https://deb.debian.org/debian trixie main contrib non-free-firmware non-free #mirror auto #deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian trixie main contrib #security #deb https://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free-firmware non-free deb https://security.debian.org/debian-security trixie-security main contrib non-free-firmware non-free #update #deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main contrib non-free-firmware non-free deb https://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-updates main contrib non-free-firmware non-free #backport #deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-backports main

Updating repository

# apt-get update Hit:1 https://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb stable InRelease Hit:2 https://deb.debian.org/debian trixie InRelease Hit:3 https://security.debian.org/debian-security trixie-security InRelease Hit:4 https://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-updates InRelease Hit:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-backports InRelease Hit:6 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian trixie InRelease Reading package lists... Done

Performing minimal upgrade

# apt upgrade --without-new-pkgs

During minimal upgrade, your system may request you to restart some services, allow it. Take some coffee.....

Restart your Debian. This is optional, just make sure system run proper minimal upgrade.

Performing full upgrade

# apt full-upgrade

Full upgrade may takes sometimes.

Restart your Debian and perform clean up

# apt-get autoclean && apt-get autoremove -y ... $ cat /etc/debian_version 13.0 $ uname -an Linux hpkakiang 6.12.38+deb13-amd64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Debian 6.12.38-1 (2025-07-16) x86_64 GNU/Linux

Sunday, August 10, 2025

Debian 13: trixie release

NOTE:

Debian 13 trixie does not support i386 architecture. Users running i386 systems should not upgrade to trixie. You can run 32 bit application on Debian 13 trixie using 32 bit support.
Debian 12 bookworm does not cover any i586 processor, minimum processor requirement is i686.
Debian 11 bullseye is latest version support i386.

Debian 13 trixie release uses Linux kernel 6.12 LTS series.

Debian 13 trixie ships with several desktop environments, such as:

GNOME 48
KDE Plasma 6.3
LXDE 13
LXQt 2.1.0
Xfce 4.20

A total of seven architectures are officially supported for trixie:

64-bit PC (amd64),
64-bit ARM (arm64),
ARM EABI (armel),
ARMv7 (EABI hard-float ABI, armhf),
64-bit little-endian PowerPC (ppc64el),
64-bit little-endian RISC-V (riscv64),
IBM System z (s390x)

Reference: www.debian.org/News/2025/20250809

Saturday, August 9, 2025

Unix like OS not base on linux

Linux is a very popular open-source Unix-like operating system. Open-source Unix-like operating systems that are not based on Linux and are still actively developed. They are

FreeBSD
Focus: Performance, advanced networking, storage
Use Cases: Servers, firewalls, storage appliances (e.g., TrueNAS)
OpenBSD
Focus: Security, correctness, simplicity
Known for: Secure-by-default policies, clean codebase
NetBSD
Focus: Portability — runs on almost any architecture
Use Cases: Embedded systems, research, legacy hardware
DragonFly BSD
Focus: Performance, advanced file system (HAMMER2), scalability
illumos
Descendant of: OpenSolaris (which was derived from UNIX System V)
OpenIndiana
Goal: Desktop/server OS based on illumos
SmartOS
Focus: Cloud-native virtualization with zones, ZFS, DTrace
MidnightBSD
Fork of FreeBSD, focused on desktop use
Darwin
Apple's open-source core of macOS (not a complete OS itself)
Basis for macOS and iOS

Most those operating system are intended to run as server connected directly to internet with advance stability and security.